Preheat the oven to 375°F (190°C). Line a 12-cup muffin tin with paper liners or lightly grease.
Peel, core, and dice the apples into 0.5-inch pieces; set aside.
In a medium bowl, whisk together the all-purpose flour, baking powder, baking soda, 2 tsp ground cinnamon, and salt until evenly combined.
In a large bowl, whisk the granulated sugar, brown sugar, and eggs until slightly thick and frothy, about 1 minute. Whisk in the buttermilk, vegetable oil, and vanilla extract until smooth.
Add the dry ingredients to the wet ingredients and fold gently with a spatula just until the flour is mostly incorporated. Fold in the diced apples until evenly distributed; do not overmix.
Divide the batter evenly among the 12 muffin cups (about 3/4 full). In a small bowl, mix the 2 tbsp granulated sugar with 0.5 tsp ground cinnamon, then sprinkle evenly over the batter.
Bake until the muffins are domed and a toothpick inserted in the center comes out with a few moist crumbs, 18–22 minutes. Cool in the pan for 5 minutes, then transfer to a wire rack to cool slightly. Serve warm or at room temperature.